Email this article ARTICULATING THE MARGINALIZED VOICES: SYMBOLISM IN AFRICAN AMERICAN, HISPANIC, AND ASIAN AMERICAN LITERATURE
kristiawan indriyantoAbstract
The present study contextualizes how symbolism is employed by writers of ethnically minority in the United States as an avenue of their agency and criticism against the dominant white perspective. The history of American minorities is marred with legacy of racial discrimination and segregation which highlights the inequality of race. Literature as a cultural production captures the experiences of the marginalized and the use of symbolism is intended to transform themes into the field of aesthetics. This study is a qualitative research which is conducted through the post-nationalist American Studies framework in order to focus on the minorities’ experience instead of the Anglo-Saxon outlook. The object of the study is three playscripts written from authors from Mexican-American, African-American and Asian-American to emphasize how discrimination is faced by multi-ethnic. The finding suggests how symbolism in these literary works intends to counter the stereotypical representation of Mexican-American, aligns with the passive resistance of the Civil Right Movement and subvert binary opposition of East and West which exoticizing the East.
Keywords : minority literature in the U.S , symbolism, post-national
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Acuna, R. F. (1982). Occupied America : A History of Chicanos. San Fransisco: Canfield Press.
Adams, B. (2008). Asian American Literature. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Agnew, J.-C., & Roy, R. (2002). A Companion to post-1945 America. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.40-5389
Baldick, C. (1990). the Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Basnett, S. (1993). Comparative Literature. New York: Blackwell Publishing.
Boyer, P. S. (2012). American History : A Very Short Introduction. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Bryer, J. R., & Hartig, M. C. (2010). the Facts on File Companion to American Drama. New York: Facts on File.
Carlos Rowe, J. (2012). The Cultural Politics of the New American Studies. Michigan: University of Michigan Library.
Chadwick, C. (1971). Symbolism (Methuen &). London.
Chandra, T. M. (2020). the Dynamic of Chinese Women in America : The Departure, Double Oppressions and Conflict of Identities in Amy Tan’s and Lisa See’s Selected Novel (Sanata Dharma University). https://doi.org/10.11693/hyhz20181000233
Childress, Al. (2000). Florence. In K. A. Perkins (Ed.), Selected Plays : Alice Childress (pp. 3–22). Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design : Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (1998). Qualitative Design and Research Design : Choosing Among Five Approaches. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Curiel, B. B., Kazanjian, D., Kinney, K., Mailloux, S., Mechling, J., Rowe, J. C., … Yu, H. (2000). Introduction. In J. C. Rowe (Ed.), Post-Nationalist American Studies (pp. 1–22). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2013). Critical Race Theory. In Racialisation in Early Years Education (2nd ed.). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315101071-2
Elizondo, S. D., & Riggs, D. W. (1977). Myth and Reality in Chicano Literature. Latin American Literary Review, 5(10), 23–31.
Fine, R. (2007). Cosmopolitanism : Key Ideas. New York: Routledge.
Fitzsimmons, L., Chae, Y., & Adams, B. (2014). Asian American Literature and the Environment. New York: Routledge.
Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural Violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 291–305.
Hayashi, R. T. (2007). Beyond Walden Pond : Asian American Literature and the Limits of Ecocriticism. In A. Merrill Ingram, I. Marshall, D. J. Phillipon, & A. W. Sweeting (Eds.), Coming into Contacts : Explorations in Ecocritical Theory and Practice (pp. 58–74). Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Hebebrand, C. M. (2004). Native American and chicano/a literature of the American southwest: Intersections of indigenous literatures. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203330265
Hwang, D. H. (1988). M. Butterfly. New York: Dramatists Play Service, Inc.
Indriyanto, K. (2020). MANIFESTATION OF COLONIAL DISCOURSE AND ANTHROPOCENTRIC OUTLOOK IN JAMES MICHENER ’ S HAWAI ’ I. Okara : Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra, 14(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v14i1.3185
Jusdanis, G. (2001). The Necessary Nation. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Martinez, O. J. (1996). U.S - Mexico Borderlands : Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Paik, S., & Walberg, H. J. (2007). Narrowing the Achievement Gap : Strategies for Educating Latino, Black, and Asian Students. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-44611-7
Perez-Torres, R. (1995). Movements in Chicano Poetry : Against Myths, Against Margin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Polk, W. R. (2006). The Birth of America : From Before Columbus to the Revolution. https://doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780859896153.003.0003
Rowe, J. C. (2000). Post-Nationalism, Globalism, and the New American Studies. In J. C. Rowe (Ed.), Post-Nationalist American Studies (pp. 23–39). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Sitkoff, H. (2000). Postwar America : A Student Companion. New York: Oxford University Press.
Smith, T. W. (2011). Changing Racial Labels from Colored to Negro to African American. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tate, C. F. (1973). The Search for a Method in American Studies. Iowa City: University of Minnesota Press.
Valdez, L. (1971). Luis Valdez - Early Works : Actos, Bernabe and Pensamiento Serpentino. Houston: Arte Publico Press.
Wilson, S. (1996). The California Gold Rush : Chinese Laborers in America : 1848-1882. New York: the Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
Article metrics
Abstract views : 680
| 
views : 314
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Publisher : Program Studi S1 Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Muhammadiyah Gorontalo