Fungsi Retoris Al-Iṭnāb dalam Surah Yūnus: Kajian Balagah

 Fadila Mathias, Chaterina P. Doni, Berti Arsyad, Cutri A Tjalau

Abstract


Al-iṭnāb merupakan perluasan retoris ketika suatu ungkapan melampaui jumlah kata minimum yang diperlukan untuk menyampaikan makna dasar, tetapi tambahan itu menghasilkan manfaat komunikatif tertentu. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dua bentuk al-iṭnāb dalam Surah Yūnus, yaitu tafṣīl baʿd al-ijmāl (perincian setelah penyebutan global) dan dhikr al-ʿāmm baʿd al-khāṣṣ (penyebutan umum setelah khusus), serta menjelaskan fungsi retoris keduanya. Penelitian menggunakan desain kualitatif deskriptif, studi kepustakaan, pembacaan dekat, dan analisis isi berbasis kategori terhadap 109 ayat Surah Yūnus. Tabel rinci sumber mencatat 26 unit tafṣīl baʿd al-ijmāl dan 15 unit dhikr al-ʿāmm baʿd al-khāṣṣ, sedangkan abstrak sumber melaporkan 25 dan 15 unit; perbedaan ini dipertahankan secara transparan. Empat puluh tujuan retoris yang dilaporkan mencakup penegasan dan penguatan keyakinan pada 15 ayat, penjelasan pada 12 ayat, penarikan perhatian dan peringatan pada 8 ayat, serta pengagungan kebesaran Allah pada 5 ayat. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa al-iṭnāb menata makna melalui pengungkapan bertahap dan perluasan semantis. Bentuk ini memperjelas wahyu, tauhid, kebangkitan, pengetahuan ilahi, peringatan sejarah, dan pertanggungjawaban moral. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa al-iṭnāb dalam Surah Yūnus merupakan perluasan retoris yang terarah, bukan pemanjangan tanpa fungsi.

Keywords


al-iṭnāb; balagah Al-Qur’an; generalisasi; Surah Yūnus; tafṣīl

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31314/ajamiy.15.1.156-173.2026

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