ANALISIS HUKUM TERHADAP AKIBAT HUKUM PERJANJIAN KREDIT BERMASALAH DI BANK

Agung Prayogo Putra WIdada; Rahmat Datau; Amin Dali

ANALISIS HUKUM TERHADAP AKIBAT HUKUM PERJANJIAN KREDIT BERMASALAH DI BANK

Agung Prayogo Putra WIdada, Rahmat Datau, Amin Dali

Abstract

Perjanjian kredit merupakan hubungan hukum yang menempatkan bank sebagai kreditor dan nasabah sebagai debitur dalam ikatan hak dan kewajiban yang harus dilaksanakan sesuai kesepakatan. Penelitian ini menganalisis faktor yang membentuk kredit bermasalah, akibat hukum yang timbul bagi bank dan debitur, serta pilihan penyelesaian yang tersedia dalam kerangka hukum perbankan Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan desain hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, didukung telaah dokumen hukum serta informasi wawancara sebagaimana tercantum dalam naskah sumber. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif-deskriptif melalui identifikasi, interpretasi, dan pengelompokan persoalan hukum. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kredit bermasalah bersifat multidimensional. Faktor eksternal mencakup pelemahan ekonomi, inflasi, perubahan suku bunga, nilai tukar, regulasi, persaingan, bencana, dan krisis. Faktor internal debitur meliputi kelemahan manajerial, pengelolaan keuangan, penyimpangan penggunaan kredit, literasi keuangan, integritas, serta tekanan sosial-psikologis, sedangkan faktor internal bank mencakup kelemahan analisis kelayakan, tata kelola, manajemen risiko, pemantauan, pengelolaan agunan, sumber daya manusia, dan sistem informasi. Secara hukum, gagal bayar dapat menimbulkan wanprestasi, kewajiban pembayaran pokok, bunga dan biaya, eksekusi agunan, dampak administratif dan reputasional, serta kemungkinan konsekuensi pidana apabila terdapat unsur penipuan atau perbuatan melawan hukum. Penyelesaian tidak harus langsung diarahkan pada eksekusi; restrukturisasi dan mediasi dapat menjadi instrumen proporsional apabila debitur masih memiliki prospek pemulihan. Dengan demikian, penanganan kredit bermasalah membutuhkan pendekatan terpadu yang menghubungkan pencegahan risiko, kepastian kontraktual, perlindungan para pihak, dan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yang efisien.

Keywords

perjanjian kredit; kredit bermasalah; wanprestasi; restrukturisasi kredit; penyelesaian sengketa

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References

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